Consultations and procedures — Health information

YAG capsulotomy after cataract surgery

YAG capsulotomy is a laser treatment for clouding of the posterior capsule after cataract surgery. The phrase secondary cataract is commonly used, although the removed natural lens does not become cloudy again.

Abdominoplasty (tummy tuck)

Abdominoplasty is a surgical procedure that removes excess skin and reshapes the front of the abdomen. The extent depends on the skin, underlying tissues, previous operations and health risks rather than on a preferred incision length alone.

Breast augmentation with implants

Augmentation mammoplasty is an elective operation that uses breast implants to change volume or proportions. Suitability is not determined by the desired cup size alone; tissue quality, chest anatomy, overall health and individual expectations all matter.

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

Continuous glucose monitoring reveals glucose trends over time and supports treatment discussions using collected data.

Blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery)

Blepharoplasty is surgery on eyelid tissues. It may address excess skin or protruding fat depending on the examination. The upper and lower eyelids are assessed separately because the approaches, extent and risks differ.

Brachioplasty (upper arm lift)

Brachioplasty is surgery to remove excess skin and sometimes adjust fatty tissue on the inner upper arm. Loose skin alone does not make surgery medically necessary; the decision is individual and based on examination and informed expectations.

Upper blepharoplasty

Upper blepharoplasty removes or repositions selected upper eyelid tissue when this is appropriate for the patient. Hooded skin, true eyelid drooping and a low brow are different findings and require different plans.

Removal of presumed benign eyelid lesions

Different skin lesions can appear on the eyelids. Their nature cannot always be established from a photograph, and an examination is essential before considering removal.

Buccal fat pad removal

Buccal fat pads are normal fatty structures within the cheeks. Removing part of this tissue may change facial contours, but it is an elective operation with potentially long-lasting effects. A round face does not automatically mean this surgery is suitable.

Pterygium removal

Surgical removal of a pterygium may be considered if a conjunctival growth extends over the cornea, progresses, affects vision or causes substantial discomfort. The decision is based on a full ophthalmic examination.

Removal of a superficial foreign body from the eye

A foreign body on the eye surface may cause pain, tearing, redness and difficulty opening the eye. Safe removal depends on confirming its location and excluding deeper injury.

Chalazion removal

Chalazion removal is a minor eyelid procedure considered when a persistent or troublesome lump meets clinical indications. Many chalazia can be managed without an operation.

Insulin pump setup

An insulin pump delivers insulin according to programmed settings and requires individual preparation, education and ongoing monitoring.

Operative hysteroscopy (hysteroresectoscopy)

Hysteroresectoscopy is an operative form of hysteroscopy used to visualise the uterine cavity and, when justified, remove selected lesions such as endometrial polyps or some submucosal fibroids.

Dermoscopy of moles and skin lesions

Dermoscopy is a noninvasive magnified examination that helps assess the structure of moles and other skin lesions.

Exercise challenge testing in children

An exercise challenge test uses a controlled physical activity protocol to assess changes in breathing and lung function.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (gastroscopy)

Gastroscopy, or oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), allows direct examination of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. The procedure may include targeted tissue sampling when clinically indicated.

Liver elastography

Liver elastography estimates liver tissue stiffness using ultrasound-based measurements. It can help assess possible fibrosis as part of a broader clinical evaluation.

Cervical electrosurgical excision

Cervical electrosurgical excision uses an electrosurgical loop to remove a targeted area of cervical tissue when assessment shows an appropriate clinical indication.

Endoscopic removal of colorectal polyps

Some colorectal polyps can be removed during colonoscopy using a technique selected for their size, appearance and location. Removal and pathology help establish the nature of a lesion and guide further surveillance.

Endoscopic examination of ENT organs

Endoscopic and instrument-assisted ENT examination provides a closer view of selected ear, nose or throat structures when standard inspection does not explain symptoms adequately.

Interpretation of test results

A test result cannot be reliably interpreted in isolation from symptoms, medicines, the purpose of testing and previous results. A number outside the laboratory reference interval is not automatically a diagnosis.

Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections

Intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy is used for certain retinal and macular diseases in which abnormal blood vessels or fluid leakage threaten vision. An ophthalmologist confirms the diagnosis and indications before treatment.

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy examines the inner surface of the large bowel using an endoscope. During the procedure the endoscopist may take a biopsy or remove a suitable polyp if clinically justified. Good bowel preparation improves visibility.

Computerised visual-field testing (perimetry)

Computerised perimetry evaluates how well a person detects lights in different parts of the visual field. It complements structural eye tests and can be useful in glaucoma care.

Vertebrologist consultation

A vertebrologist consultation aims to assess possible causes of back or neck pain, restricted movement and neurological symptoms, and to identify appropriate investigations or rehabilitation.

Gastroenterology consultation

A gastroenterologist reviews digestive symptoms, medical history and existing tests. A consultation does not automatically mean gastroscopy or a long list of investigations.

Pediatric dermatologist consultation

A pediatric dermatologist evaluates rashes, dermatitis, infections, moles, hair and nail changes in children of different ages.

Paediatric ophthalmologist consultation

A paediatric ophthalmologist assesses visual development, visual acuity and possible refractive errors. The suitable age range for a particular appointment should be confirmed with the clinic in advance.

Paediatric pulmonology consultation

A paediatric pulmonology visit can clarify a child’s breathing symptoms and the need for investigations or a follow-up plan.

Endocrinology consultation

An endocrinologist evaluates hormonal and metabolic concerns using symptoms, medical history and available test results.

Cardiology consultation

A cardiology consultation assesses symptoms, cardiovascular risk factors and prior tests to help plan appropriate next steps.

ENT consultation

An otolaryngologist (ENT doctor) evaluates symptoms involving the ears, nose, sinuses, throat and voice. The visit helps distinguish problems that need planned care from those requiring urgent treatment.

Adult neurology consultation

An adult neurology consultation is a planned assessment of nervous system symptoms and possible next steps.

Gynaecological oncology consultation

A gynaecological oncology consultation helps evaluate concerning findings affecting the cervix, endometrium, uterus or ovaries. Referral to this specialist does not, by itself, mean a cancer diagnosis.

Proctologist consultation

A proctologist consultation helps investigate rectal bleeding, anal pain, itching, swelling and discharge. The visit begins with a discussion of symptoms and an individual decision about which examinations are appropriate.

Combined upper and lower blepharoplasty

Combined blepharoplasty treats selected upper and lower eyelid changes in a single planned operation. A wish for one procedure does not by itself justify treating both areas.

Labiaplasty consultation

Labiaplasty is surgery to alter the shape or size of the labia. Vulval anatomy varies widely: asymmetry, differences in size and colour are frequently normal and do not automatically require treatment.

Laser treatment for glaucoma

Laser procedures for glaucoma are intended mainly to manage intraocular pressure. The choice of technique depends on the type of glaucoma, the drainage angle, disease course and response to prior treatment.

Liposuction of localised fat deposits

Liposuction surgically removes selected local fat deposits to change the contour of a body area. According to the supplied clinic information, the surgeon works with the abdomen, flanks, thighs, arms and chin. This is contour surgery, not a medical method for treating obesity.

Manual therapy for back pain

Manual therapy includes selected joint mobilisation and soft-tissue techniques. It is not a universal cure for spinal problems and should not replace active rehabilitation or a proper clinical assessment.

Mini abdominoplasty

Mini abdominoplasty is an operation for a limited area of excess skin and tissue, usually below the navel. It differs from a full tummy tuck in its reach and indications; not every abdominal concern can be corrected with a smaller procedure.

Cranial ultrasound in infants (neurosonography)

Neurosonography uses ultrasound to examine accessible brain structures in infants, most often through an open fontanelle. It involves no ionising radiation and may be recommended for specific clinical concerns, not simply because of age.

Lower blepharoplasty

Lower blepharoplasty may address selected lower eyelid fat bulges or excess tissue. It does not reliably correct all causes of puffiness, dark circles or facial pigmentation.

Family doctor assessment before vaccination

A pre-vaccination assessment helps clarify the current state of health, previous vaccinations and circumstances relevant to the next dose. It does not mean that everyone requires routine laboratory tests or that vaccine administration is included in the appointment.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the eye

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging method using light to display the layers of the retina and related eye structures. The scan must be interpreted in clinical context.

Initial mental health assessment

Persistent anxiety, low mood, sleep problems or emotional exhaustion can affect work, study and relationships. A family doctor can be a first contact for discussing these symptoms and deciding what support is needed.

Choosing contraception

The best contraception method depends on health history, pregnancy plans, side effects and personal preferences; there is no single best method for everyone.

Spectacle and contact-lens fitting

Optical correction involves more than reading a number from an autorefractor. A clinician considers refraction, eye health, daily tasks and comfort with glasses or contact lenses.

Breast lift (mastopexy)

Mastopexy repositions breast tissue and the nipple-areola complex when breasts have drooped. The clinic's supplied information includes an anchor-pattern lift among the surgical approaches; the appropriate technique is determined by anatomy and the degree of ptosis.

Nipple-sparing mastectomy

Nipple-sparing mastectomy removes breast gland tissue while aiming to preserve the skin and nipple-areola complex. It is a medically indicated breast operation, not cosmetic augmentation, and eligibility requires a careful diagnostic and oncological assessment.

Targeted gastric biopsy and OLGA/OLGIM staging

During gastroscopy, selected samples of the stomach lining may be taken for histological analysis. OLGA and OLGIM are systems for describing the extent of certain tissue changes, not separate operations or cancer diagnoses.

Bronchodilator response testing in children

Bronchodilator response testing compares spirometry measurements before and after a prescribed airway-opening medicine.

Preventive family doctor consultation

A preventive visit offers an opportunity to assess health risks before obvious symptoms develop. There is no single laboratory or imaging package that is suitable or necessary for every adult or child.

Spirometry in children

Spirometry is a lung-function test that measures the volume and speed of exhaled air when breathing manoeuvres are performed correctly.

Body lift (torsoplasty)

A body lift, also called torsoplasty, is an extensive operation to reshape the trunk when loose skin affects the abdomen and may continue around the sides or back. It is more involved than correcting a small isolated area and requires detailed safety planning.

Trichoscopy of the hair and scalp

Trichoscopy examines hair and scalp under magnification to help clarify hair loss and scalp disorders as part of dermatologic assessment.

Transrectal prostate ultrasound

Transrectal prostate ultrasound (TRUS) uses a protected ultrasound probe placed gently into the rectum to examine the prostate and nearby structures in more detail.

Arterial ultrasound of the limbs

Duplex arterial ultrasound examines blood supply through accessible arteries of the legs or arms using structural ultrasound images and Doppler flow measurements.

Ultrasound of the arm and leg veins

Venous ultrasound helps assess whether veins are open, detect blood clots and evaluate patterns of blood flow in the arms and legs.

Infant hip ultrasound

Infant hip ultrasound uses sound waves to examine developing hip joints while many structures remain cartilaginous. It is commonly used when developmental dysplasia of the hip is suspected or risk factors are present.

Lung and pleural ultrasound

Lung and pleural ultrasound helps identify fluid around the lungs and selected abnormalities of the lung surface and pleura. It is one tool in respiratory assessment, not a replacement for every chest test.

Lymph node ultrasound

Lymph node ultrasound describes the size, shape, internal appearance and sometimes blood flow of nodes that are accessible to the transducer.

Breast ultrasound

Breast ultrasound uses sound waves to examine breast tissue.

Kidney and bladder ultrasound

Kidney and bladder ultrasound examines kidney size and structure, the urine-collecting system and the bladder. When indicated, it can assess the amount of residual urine left after voiding.

Scrotal ultrasound

Scrotal ultrasound examines the testes, epididymides and surrounding tissues without an incision. It may help investigate a lump, swelling, previous injury or non-acute discomfort, but an emergency must not be delayed for routine imaging.

Gynaecological pelvic ultrasound

Gynaecological pelvic ultrasound uses sound waves to examine the uterus, its lining, the ovaries and nearby pelvic structures. It may help clarify symptoms, but the report is not a diagnosis by itself.

Abdominal ultrasound

Abdominal ultrasound is a non-invasive scan of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen and selected abdominal vessels. It describes visible structures and does not replace a medical assessment.

Eye ultrasound

Ocular ultrasound provides images of certain structures inside the eye, especially when a direct view of the back of the eye is limited. It is not the same examination as optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Echocardiography (heart ultrasound)

An echocardiogram (heart ultrasound) can assess the heart chambers, valves, pumping function and some aspects of blood flow.

Salivary gland ultrasound

Salivary gland ultrasound is a non-invasive way to examine accessible parotid and submandibular glands when there is swelling, a lump, pain or suspected blockage. The scan helps guide assessment but cannot always establish a final diagnosis.

Joint and soft tissue ultrasound

Musculoskeletal ultrasound visualises accessible tendons, muscles, ligaments, joint surfaces, some nerves and superficial soft-tissue structures without ionising radiation.

Head and neck vessel ultrasound

Vascular ultrasound of the head and neck uses imaging and Doppler measurements to assess accessible arteries and veins, especially blood flow and possible narrowing in neck vessels.

Thyroid ultrasound

Thyroid ultrasound helps evaluate the gland’s size and structure, individual nodules and nearby neck tissues.

Umbilicoplasty (belly button reshaping)

Umbilicoplasty reshapes the visible navel or nearby tissues. It can be discussed after a previous operation, changes in the skin or an anatomical variation. It does not itself diagnose or repair an umbilical hernia.

Thigh lift (femoroplasty)

Femoroplasty reshapes parts of the thighs by removing excess skin and adjusting tissue where needed. It differs from liposuction, which mainly targets fat rather than significant loose or hanging skin.

Cheiloplasty (surgical lip reshaping)

Cheiloplasty describes surgical techniques used to change lip shape, contours or proportions, or to address certain tissue defects. The method cannot be selected from the procedure name or a photo alone; a face-to-face assessment is required.

Surgical revision of postoperative scars

A postoperative scar can become widened, raised, depressed or tight as tissue heals. Surgical scar revision may change its shape, position or tension, but it cannot restore the skin to a completely scar-free state.

Glaucoma surgery

Glaucoma surgery is considered when further reduction of intraocular pressure is needed and other measures are insufficient or unsuitable. Treatment aims to limit the risk of additional damage to the optic nerve.

General surgery consultation

During a surgical consultation, a doctor reviews symptoms, medical history and examination findings to plan next steps. A referral to a surgeon does not necessarily mean an operation is required.

Phlebologist consultation

A phlebologist assesses symptoms related to the veins, such as visible varicose veins, heaviness, swelling and skin changes in the legs. During the consultation, the clinician determines whether duplex ultrasound and further monitoring or treatment are appropriate.

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