About this condition
Cryptorchidism means that one or both testes have not reached the scrotum. It may be noticed at birth or during a routine infant examination. The appropriate next step depends on age and whether the testicle can be felt.
What matters most
A testicle normally moves from the abdomen into the scrotum before or soon after birth. A truly undescended testicle differs from a retractile testicle, which may move into the groin but can be brought to the scrotum during examination. Distinguishing these situations influences follow-up.
Symptoms and reasons to seek care
Parents may notice an apparently empty side of the scrotum or asymmetry. Cryptorchidism often causes no pain, so absence of discomfort does not mean an examination can be postponed indefinitely. A testicle that was previously in the scrotum and is no longer there also warrants assessment.
How it differs from similar conditions
An undescended testicle is not the same as a hydrocele, inguinal hernia or an acutely painful scrotum. Images and home palpation are not enough to decide where a non-palpable testicle lies. No child should be subjected to repeated forceful examination at home.
Assessment and diagnosis
A paediatric surgeon or paediatric urology specialist examines the scrotum and groin, noting whether a testicle is palpable and whether it is retractile. Routine ultrasound does not reliably locate every non-palpable testicle and is not automatically needed before referral; further tests follow specific findings.
Monitoring and treatment
Some testes descend spontaneously in early infancy, but persistent undescended testes require timely specialist follow-up. Orchidopexy may be discussed, with timing determined by age and clinical findings. Describing surgery here does not confirm that this particular operation is offered at the medical centre.
When emergency help is needed
Sudden severe groin or testicular pain, scrotal swelling, vomiting or nausea could indicate testicular torsion or another acute condition. Do not wait for a routine cryptorchidism visit; obtain emergency assessment immediately and call 103 or 112 if necessary.
Related information
Varicocele in children and adolescents; Hypospadias in children; Spermatocele and epididymal cyst in a child.
Signs and symptoms
Parents may notice an apparently empty side of the scrotum or asymmetry. Cryptorchidism often causes no pain, so absence of discomfort does not mean an examination can be postponed indefinitely. A testicle that was previously in the scrotum and is no longer there also warrants assessment.
Diagnosis and tests
A paediatric surgeon or paediatric urology specialist examines the scrotum and groin, noting whether a testicle is palpable and whether it is retractile. Routine ultrasound does not reliably locate every non-palpable testicle and is not automatically needed before referral; further tests follow specific findings.
Care and treatment approaches
Some testes descend spontaneously in early infancy, but persistent undescended testes require timely specialist follow-up. Orchidopexy may be discussed, with timing determined by age and clinical findings. Describing surgery here does not confirm that this particular operation is offered at the medical centre.
When to seek urgent care
Sudden severe groin or testicular pain, scrotal swelling, vomiting or nausea could indicate testicular torsion or another acute condition. Do not wait for a routine cryptorchidism visit; obtain emergency assessment immediately and call 103 or 112 if necessary.
Frequently asked questions
Does an undescended testicle always hurt?
No. Many children have no pain; an apparently empty scrotum is a reason for clinical assessment even when the child seems comfortable.
Will an ultrasound always find a missing testicle?
No. Physical examination is central, and routine ultrasound cannot reliably exclude or locate all non-palpable testes.
Is surgery always necessary immediately after birth?
Not necessarily. Early infancy is a period of observation, but persistent undescended testes need timely assessment and an individual specialist plan.
Information sources
Medical source links used when preparing this article.
Important information
A medical consultation is needed for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
Self-treatment can be harmful to your health.
