About this condition
Pelvic organ prolapse describes descent of one or more pelvic organs toward or into the vagina as their supporting tissues change. It may involve the bladder-facing vaginal wall, the uterus or the bowel-facing wall. Some anatomical changes cause no symptoms and need no active treatment.
Possible causes and clinical context
A vaginal bulge, dragging pressure, urinary or bowel difficulties, constipation or discomfort during sexual activity may occur. The severity of symptoms does not always match the measured degree of prolapse, and urinary problems may have other explanations. A gynecologist evaluates the anterior, apical and posterior pelvic compartments.
Assessment and follow-up
The POP-Q examination can describe the extent of descent. Urine tests, post-void residual measurement or other investigations are considered when indicated; routine scanning cannot substitute for clinical prolapse assessment. Tell the clinician which activities are affected and whether pregnancy plans or sexual comfort are important.
Options include observation, managing constipation and chronic cough, supervised pelvic floor muscle training and a vaginal pessary fitted and followed up by a qualified clinician. Surgery is considered for selected patients after a discussion of alternatives, recovery, possible complications and recurrence. This educational page does not confirm availability of a specific procedure at any clinic branch.
Related topics: Feeling a vaginal bulge; Stress urinary incontinence.
Signs and symptoms
- A visible or felt vaginal bulge, pressure or heaviness.
- Incomplete bladder or bowel emptying, constipation or changes in urinary control.
- Possible sexual discomfort; some people have no symptoms.
Diagnosis and tests
A gynecologic examination assesses the different pelvic compartments, often using POP-Q staging. Urinary and bowel symptoms are evaluated, with urine testing or post-void residual measurement if indicated. Routine imaging does not replace examination.
Care and treatment approaches
Observation, individual lifestyle adjustments, supervised pelvic floor training or a vaginal pessary may help. Surgery requires a separate discussion of indications, recurrence, alternatives and risks; available procedures must be confirmed with the provider.
When to seek urgent care
Seek emergency care for inability to pass urine, sudden severe pain, significant vaginal bleeding or rapid deterioration. Bleeding after menopause also needs a timely separate assessment. For a life-threatening emergency in Ukraine call 103 or 112.
Frequently asked questions
Does every prolapse require surgery?
No. Mild or minimally symptomatic prolapse may be observed, while exercises or a pessary can be discussed before an operation.
What do cystocele and rectocele mean?
They describe bulging involving the front or back vaginal wall, commonly associated with the bladder or rectum. Examination identifies the structures involved.
Can prolapse cause urinary leakage?
It can coexist with urinary symptoms, including incontinence, but these symptoms also have other possible causes and need assessment.
Information sources
Medical source links used when preparing this article.
Important information
A medical consultation is needed for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
Self-treatment can be harmful to your health.
