About this condition
Sexually transmitted infections can affect the cervix, vagina and upper genital tract or involve other body systems. Possible signs include changed discharge, pain when urinating, pelvic discomfort or bleeding after sex. However, absence of symptoms does not rule out infection, and these complaints can also have non-STI causes.
Possible causes and clinical context
Testing is selected for the possible pathogen, exposures, symptoms and medical circumstances. Depending on the situation, molecular swabs or urine tests, blood tests or other targeted investigations may be appropriate. A positive test must be interpreted for the specific infection rather than treated as a generic diagnosis.
Assessment and follow-up
Certain infections can cause cervicitis or pelvic inflammatory disease. Severe lower abdominal pain with fever or marked illness calls for prompt assessment to exclude complications and other emergencies. Screening and treatment can be important even when a partner feels well.
Treatment differs between bacterial, viral and parasitic infections. Depending on the pathogen, sexual partners may need evaluation or treatment and sex may need to be avoided until recommended treatment is completed. Do not self-prescribe antibiotics: inappropriate medicines can delay diagnosis or worsen resistance.
Related topics: Cervical changes and HPV; Gynecologic examination.
Signs and symptoms
- Unusual genital discharge, burning or pain.
- Spotting after sex or pain with intercourse.
- No symptoms at all despite a positive test or known exposure.
Diagnosis and tests
Clinicians choose pathogen-specific molecular, blood or other tests depending on symptoms, exposure and risk. Cervicitis and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease are assessed when relevant. Results guide the treatment plan.
Care and treatment approaches
Management depends on the confirmed pathogen, pregnancy status and clinical severity. Partner notification, testing or treatment and abstaining during treatment may be recommended for certain infections. Avoid unsupervised antibiotic use.
When to seek urgent care
Severe lower abdominal pain, fever, vomiting or rapidly worsening illness needs urgent assessment for pelvic infection or another acute condition. Fainting or shock symptoms require emergency care; call 103 or 112 in Ukraine.
Frequently asked questions
Can an STI have no symptoms?
Yes. Some infections remain asymptomatic, so testing may be indicated after exposure or for screening without noticeable complaints.
Can I treat a suspected STI with antibiotics myself?
No. The agent, dose and need for partner care depend on the pathogen, and self-treatment may complicate diagnosis.
Should my partner be told or tested?
For some infections, partner notification, testing and treatment are important. A clinician can advise based on the specific diagnosis.
Important information
A medical consultation is needed for diagnosis and treatment recommendations.
Self-treatment can be harmful to your health.
