Shortness of breath in adults: causes and when to seek help

Shortness of breath, or breathlessness, is the feeling that breathing takes more effort than usual. It can occur during walking, climbing stairs, lying down or at rest. Possible causes include heart and lung disease, anaemia, reduced fitness and other conditions.

Changes to keep track of

Notice whether breathlessness began suddenly or developed gradually, which activities trigger it and whether you also have swelling, palpitations, cough or chest pain. Tell the clinician if sitting upright makes breathing easier or the symptom interrupts sleep.

Why an assessment matters

Symptoms alone cannot establish the cause. A cardiologist can check for cardiovascular problems and refer to another specialist if needed. A clear decline in tolerance of ordinary activities deserves attention.

Preparing for your visit

Bring previous test results, a medication list and a short record of when the symptoms began and how they have changed. Do not use unprescribed medicines to treat breathlessness.

Breathlessness may come with tiredness, a racing heart, swelling, cough or dizziness. Sudden severe breathing difficulty, an inability to speak in full sentences or blue lips are signs of an emergency.

Assessment may include breathing rate, pulse, blood pressure, oxygen saturation where indicated, medical history and existing conditions.

An ECG, echocardiogram, laboratory tests or lung investigations may be recommended depending on the findings.

Treatment depends on the confirmed cause of breathlessness. Advice about medication and exercise must be adapted to the diagnosis and the person’s health.